Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka begins with Gregor Samsa, a traveling salesman, who wakes up one morning transformed into a giant insect. The story explores themes of alienation, identity, and the burdens of familial responsibility as Gregor grapples with his new reality. Set in a modest room, the narrative delves into his thoughts and feelings of despair and frustration regarding his job and family obligations. Kafka's work serves as a profound commentary on the human condition and societal expectations. This chapter sets the stage for Gregor's tragic journey, making it essential for readers interested in existential literature and psychological themes.

Key Points

  • Introduces Gregor Samsa, a traveling salesman transformed into an insect.
  • Explores themes of alienation and identity in modern society.
  • Highlights Gregor's struggles with family expectations and personal despair.
  • Sets the stage for a tragic narrative about the human condition.
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The Metamorphosis
by Franz Kafka
Chapter 1
One morning, when Gregor Samsa woke from troubled dreams, he found himself transformed in
his bed into a horrible vermin. He lay on his armour-like back, and if he lifted his head a little he could
see his brown belly, slightly domed and divided by arches into stiff sections. The bedding was hardly
able to cover it and seemed ready to slide off any moment. His many legs, pitifully thin compared with
the size of the rest of him, waved about helplessly as he looked.
“What’s happened to me?” he thought. It wasn’t a dream. His room, a proper human room although
a little too small, lay peacefully between its four familiar walls. A collection of textile samples lay spread
out on the tableSamsa was a travelling salesmanand above it there hung a picture that he had
recently cut out of an illustrated magazine and housed in a nice, gilded frame. It showed a lady fitted out
with a fur hat and fur boa who sat upright, raising a heavy fur muff that covered the whole of her lower
arm towards the viewer.
Gregor then turned to look out the window at the dull weather. Drops of rain could be heard
hitting the pane, which made him feel quite sad. “How about if I sleep a little bit longer and forget all this
nonsense”, he thought, but that was something he was unable to do because he was used to sleeping on
his right, and in his present state couldn’t get into that position. However hard he threw himself onto his
right, he always rolled back to where he was. He must have tried it a hundred times, shut his eyes so that
he wouldn’t have to look at the floundering legs, and only stopped when he began to feel a mild, dull pain
there that he had never felt before.
“Oh, God”, he thought, “what a strenuous career it is that I’ve chosen! Travelling day in and day
out. Doing business like this takes much more effort than doing your own business at home, and on top of
that there’s the curse of travelling, worries about making train connections, bad and irregular food,
contact with different people all the time so that you can never get to know anyone or become friendly
with them. It can all go to Hell!” He felt a slight itch up on his belly; pushed himself slowly up on his back
towards the headboard so that he could lift his head better; found where the itch was, and saw that it was
covered with lots of little white spots which he didn’t know what to make of; and when he tried to feel
the place with one of his legs he drew it quickly back because as soon as he touched it he was overcome
by a cold shudder.
He slid back into his former position. “Getting up early all the time”, he thought, “it makes you
stupid. You’ve got to get enough sleep. Other travelling salesmen live a life of luxury. For instance,
whenever I go back to the guest house during the morning to copy out the contract, these gentlemen are
always still sitting there eating their breakfasts. I ought to just try that with my boss; I’d get kicked out on
the spot. But who knows, maybe that would be the best thing for me. If I didn’t have my parents to think
about I’d have given in my notice a long time ago, I’d have gone up to the boss and told him just what I
think, tell him everything I would, let him know just what I feel. He’d fall right off his desk! And it’s a
funny sort of business to be sitting up there at your desk, talking down at your subordinates from up there,
especially when you have to go right up close because the boss is hard of hearing. Well, there’s still some
hope; once I’ve got the money together to pay off my parents’ debt to himanother five or six years I
supposethat’s definitely what I’ll do. That’s when I’ll make the big change. First of all though, I’ve got
to get up, my train leaves at five.”
And he looked over at the alarm clock, ticking on the chest of drawers. “God in Heaven!” he
thought. It was half past six and the hands were quietly moving forwards, it was even later than half past,
more like quarter to seven. Had the alarm clock not rung? He could see from the bed that it had been set
for four o’clock as it should have been; it certainly must have rung. Yes, but was it possible to quietly
sleep through that furniture-rattling noise? True, he had not slept peacefully, but probably all the more
deeply because of that. What should he do now? The next train went at seven; if he were to catch that he
would have to rush like mad and the collection of samples was still not packed, and he did not at all feel
particularly fresh and lively. And even if he did catch the train he would not avoid his boss’s anger as the
office assistant would have been there to see the five o’clock train go, he would have put in his report
about Gregor’s not being there a long time ago. The office assistant was the boss’s man, spineless, and
with no understanding. What about if he reported sick? But that would be extremely strained and
suspicious as in five years of service Gregor had never once yet been ill. His boss would certainly come
round with the doctor from the medical insurance company, accuse his parents of having a lazy son, and
accept the doctor’s recommendation not to make any claim as the doctor believed that no-one was ever ill
but that many were workshy. And what’s more, would he have been entirely wrong in this case? Gregor
did in fact, apart from excessive sleepiness after sleeping for so long, feel completely well and even felt
much hungrier than usual.
He was still hurriedly thinking all this through, unable to decide to get out of the bed, when the
clock struck quarter to seven. There was a cautious knock at the door near his head. “Gregor”, somebody
calledit was his mother“it’s quarter to seven. Didn’t you want to go somewhere?” That gentle voice!
Gregor was shocked when he heard his own voice answering, it could hardly be recognised as the voice
he had had before. As if from deep inside him, there was a painful and uncontrollable squeaking mixed in
with it, the words could be made out at first but then there was a sort of echo which made them unclear,
leaving the hearer unsure whether he had heard properly or not. Gregor had wanted to give a full answer
and explain everything, but in the circumstances contented himself with saying: “Yes, mother, yes, thank-
you, I’m getting up now. The change in Gregor’s voice probably could not be noticed outside through the
wooden door, as his mother was satisfied with this explanation and shuffled away. But this short
conversation made the other members of the family aware that Gregor, against their expectations was still
at home, and soon his father came knocking at one of the side doors, gently, but with his fist. “Gregor,
Gregor”, he called, “what’s wrong?” And after a short while he called again with a warning deepness in
his voice: “Gregor! Gregor!” At the other side door his sister came plaintively: “Gregor? Aren’t you well?
Do you need anything?” Gregor answered to both sides: “I’m ready, now”, making an effort to remove all
the strangeness from his voice by enunciating very carefully and putting long pauses between each,
individual word. His father went back to his breakfast, but his sister whispered: “Gregor, open the door, I
beg of you.” Gregor, however, had no thought of opening the door, and instead congratulated himself for
his cautious habit, acquired from his travelling, of locking all doors at night even when he was at home.
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FAQs

What happens to Gregor Samsa in the first chapter of Metamorphosis?
In the first chapter of Metamorphosis, Gregor Samsa wakes up to find himself transformed into a giant insect. He is initially confused and distressed, struggling to comprehend his new physical form. Despite his alarming transformation, Gregor's thoughts are primarily focused on his job and the consequences of missing work. He worries about disappointing his family and losing his job as a traveling salesman, which he feels is his duty to support them. This sets the tone for the conflict between his new reality and his previous life.
What themes are introduced in Chapter 1 of Metamorphosis?
Chapter 1 introduces several key themes, including alienation, identity, and the burdens of familial responsibility. Gregor's transformation symbolizes his feelings of isolation and disconnection from his family and society. The chapter also raises questions about the nature of self-worth, as Gregor equates his value with his ability to provide for his family. As he grapples with his new identity, the narrative explores how societal expectations can lead to profound personal conflict.
How does Gregor's family react to his transformation?
Initially, Gregor's family is unaware of his transformation, but once they discover it, their reactions range from shock to fear. His mother expresses concern, while his father reacts with anger and hostility. Gregor's sister, Grete, shows some compassion, but as the story progresses, the family's attitude shifts from concern to resentment. This change highlights the theme of alienation, as Gregor becomes increasingly isolated from those he once supported. The family's evolving response underscores the emotional and psychological impact of his transformation.
What is the significance of Gregor's job in Metamorphosis?
Gregor's job as a traveling salesman is central to his identity and the family's financial stability. His transformation into an insect forces him to confront the reality of his existence, which is heavily tied to his work. The narrative critiques the dehumanizing aspects of modern labor, illustrating how Gregor's value is measured solely by his productivity. As he struggles with his new form, the story questions the societal expectations placed on individuals and the consequences of viewing oneself through the lens of work and obligation.