introduction
“Thisaboveall:tothineownselfbetrue,anditmustfollow,
asthenighttheday,thoucanstnotthenbefalsetoanyman.”—
WilliamShakespeare
Shakespeare’sage-honoredwords,spokenbyPoloniustohissonLaertesinAct
I of Hamlet, sound so clear and unambiguous. They tell us that to maintain
honest relations with others we must first be true to ourselves. Yet if Laertes
weretobetotallyhonestwithhimself,hewouldrealizethathisfathermayas
wellhavetoldhimtocatchthewind.Afterall,towhich“self”arewetobetrue?
Isittheonethatshowsupwhenwe’reinabadmood,ortheonethatispresent
whenwefeelhumbledbyourmistakes?Isittheonewhospeaksfromthedark
recesses of the heart when we’re depressed or upset, or the one that appears
duringthosefleetingmomentswhenlifeseemssofancifulandlight?
Fromthesequestionsweseethattheconceptof“self”mayturnouttobea
bitmoreelusivethaninitiallypresumed.PerhapsifLaertescouldhaveturnedto
traditional psychology, it would have shed some light on the subject. Freud
(1927),thefatherofpsychology,dividedthepsycheintothreeparts:theid,the
ego,andthesuperego.Hesawtheidasourprimal,animalnature;thesuperego
asthejudgmentsystemthatsocietyhas instilled within us; and the egoasour
representativetotheoutsideworldthatstrugglestomaintainabalancebetween
theothertwopowerfulforces.Butthiscertainlywould nothavehelpedyoung
Laertes.Afterall,towhichoftheseconflictingforcesarewetobetrue?
Againweseethatthingsarenotalwaysassimpleastheyseem.Ifwedareto
lookpastthesurfaceoftheterm“self,”questionsarisethatmanypeoplewould
rathernotask:“Arethemanyaspectsofmybeingallequallypartofmy‘self,’
oristhereonlyoneofme—andifso,which,where,how,andwhy?”
In the following chapters, we will undertake a journey of exploration of
“self.”Butwewillnotdosoinatraditionalmanner.Wewillneithercallupon
the experts in psychology, nor upon the great philosophers. We will not argue
and choose between time-honored religious views, or resort to statistically
supportedsurveysofpeople’sopinions.Wewill,instead,turntoasinglesource
thathasphenomenaldirectknowledgeonthesubject.Wewillturntooneexpert
who,for every momentof every dayof their life,has been collectingthe data
necessarytofinallyputthisgreatinquirytorest.Andthatexpertisyou.
Butbeforeyougettooexcited,ordecidethatyou’renotuptothetask,first