Types And Themes Of Mythology

MAJORSHIP

Area: ENGLISH

Focus: Mythology and Folklore

LET Competencies:

1. Gain insights into the beginnings of mythology as an attempt of

ancient people to explain nature and of natural phenomena.

2. Discover similarities (and contrasts) among the myths of the different

countries and draw implications thereafter.

Reflect on the values derived from mythology, a rich body of knowledge.

Definition of Terms

Myth : (1) a story (2) that is usually of unknown origin and (3) at least partially traditional (4)

that ostensibly relates historical events usually of such description as (5) to serve to explain

some particular event, institution, or natural phenomenon (Webster)

Myths are certain products of the imagination of a people which take the form of stories. (H.J.

Rose, A Handbook of Greek Mythology)

A myth is a story about gods, other supernatural beings, or heroes of a long past time. (M.

Reinhold, Past and Present)

Myth is a cognitive structure analogous to language through which primitive people organize

their experiences. (J. Peradotto, Classical Mythology)

Myth is the symbolic form which is generated, shaped, and transmitted by the creative

imagination of pre- and extra-logical people as they respond to and encapsulate the wealth of

experience. (R.J. Schork, “Classical Mythology,” The Classic Journal)

Fairy tale : a make-believe story about fairies, wizards, giants, or other characters who

possess magical or unusual powers

Folklore : traditions, customs, and stories of one culture or group of people

Legend : a story about the past that is considered to be true but is usually a combination of

both fact and fiction

Mythology : a group of myths from a single group or culture

Supernatural : more than what is natural or normal; showing godlike or magical powers;

exhibiting superhuman strength

Types of Myth

 PURE MYTH OR TRUE MYTH OR MYTH PROPER

Myths of this kind tend to be examples of primitive science or religion. They

explain natural phenomena or the origin of things, and they describe how

individuals should behave toward the gods.

 SAGA OR LEGEND

Myths of this variety tend to be examples of primitive history; they contain a

germ or seed of historical fact and enlarge upon it with great flourish. A good

example of a saga or legend in the story of the war at Troy.

 FOLK-TALE OR FAIRY-TALE

Myths of this species tend to be examples of primitive fiction. Tales of this

sort are told for pleasure and amusement. Frequently the stories contain

supernatural characters such as ghosts, elves, dwarfs, or demons, and they

often include elements of magic, e.g., spells, potions, and objects.

Sources of Mythology and Folklore

Aesop’s Fables : a collection of fables under the name of Aesop over 2,000 years ago in

Greece. According to Herodotus, Aesop lived in the mid-sixth century and was a slave and

that he was killed by the people of Delphi, perhaps for seditious or sacrilegious beliefs.

A Thousand and One Nights (also known as The Arabian Nights) : a collection of stories

and fables from Arabia, Egypt, India, and Persia that were compiled from oral tales that had

been passed down through these cultures for generations. Some of the well-known

characters include Aladdin, Ali Baba, and Sinbad the Sailor. Jinn are common figures in these

stories.

The Great Epics of the World: Myths and legends are usually sourced from the existing

epics of the different cultures of the world. The Iliad and The Odyssey of the Greeks, The

Aeneid of the Romans, The Mahabharata and Ramayana of India, Beouwolf of England, The

Song of Roland of France, El Cid of Spain, Sha Namah of Persia, Gilgamesh of the

Babylonians, etc.

The Panchatantra : a collection of fables which was used to educate Indian princes into

becoming wise kings. It is supposed that Aesop’s Fables largely owed much from the

Panchatantra.

The Poems of Hesiod : Theogony and Works and Days. Hesiod is an early Greek poet

who probably flourished around 700 B.C. Much of Greek mythology came from his two

complete works.

THE GREAT THEMES OF MYTH

CREATION

Creation myths set the stage for more particular myths supporting social structures, the

relation of human beings to the natural world, and questions of life and death. A creator deity

brings into being the sun, moon, and stars, seas and mountains, and so on, along with deities

that personify them, then plant life, animals, and humans that populate the world.

GODS AND GODDESSES

Universally, people believed in ideal beings leading them. Such deities possess human

characteristics: they have parents and offspring, and they belong to some social grouping. An

important role of mythology is to reinforce and justify relations of power and leadership

HEROIC FIGURES

Heroes and heroines are semi-divine beings: in many mythologies they have superhuman

powers through divine parentage; or they may have acquired divinity through their deeds as

men or women on earth, with the help of a deity, by use of magic weapons, or acquisition of

magic powers through ingenuity or trickery.

MONSTERS AND DEMONS

Monsters and demons are most familiar as the beings that a heroic figure confronts and

overcomes. They defy divine order both in their appearance –typically but not invariably

deformed or hideous – and in their actions, such as attacking or capturing a human or divine

victim.

ANIMALS

They are featured as wild creatures – predatory beasts or the elusive prey of hunters; or as

helpful beings tamed by humans, or as possessing powers. Deities may disguise themselves

as animals; or they may have heads or other features in token of the characteristics they

supposed to have in common, or of a clan fetish.

THE UNDERWORLD

Inevitably associations with burial prompt tales of gloom and terror of the unknown yet

inevitable. A strong mythic duality : Earth swallows up the dead, but equally it produces food

plants and harbors mineral wealth.

JOURNEYS, QUESTS, AND TRIALS

Quests and journeys bring mythological figures into a number of situations where they can

prove their strength. In numerous myths loyalty to the dead initiates journeys to the

underworld to try to bring loved ones back to life.

THE AFTERLIFE

The afterlife, some form of existence after death, takes as many different forms in

mythologies as the culture from which they are drawn. Some speak of paradise where the

pains of life on earth are left behind. After death comes judgment, a rigorous trial is

conducted, and torture awaits those who fail the trial.

WORLDS DESTROYED

Creation may be seen in myth as chance event or something that occurred despite opposing

forces; likewise an end to the world in its present form may be inevitable or threatened,

whether by divine will, as a result of attack by forces of evil, or in punishment for human

misdeeds.

THE MYTHOLOGIES OF THE WORLD

Mesopotamian Mythology. The Assyro-Babylonian tradition had its core of mythology of the

Sumerians. The gods included Annu (sky), Enlil (storm), Enki (water), Ea (wisdom), Ishtar

(fertility), Erishkigal (underworld).

Canaanite Mythology. Canaan is here used in its biblical sense : Syria, Phoenicia, and

Palestine. The divinities included El (the creator), Baal (heavy rains).

Egyptian Mythology. The dying and rising vegetation gods of both Mesopotamia and

Canaan have their counterpart in the Egyptian mythology. Osiris, Isis, Horus, and are the

deities.

Greek Mythology. The major deities were associated with aspects of nature such as Zeus

(sky and thunder) or Poseidon (sea), and with abstract qualities, such as Athena (wisdom) or

Apollo (arts, healing, prophecy).

Roman Mythology. It incorporated those of conquered peoples but was in many respects an

adaptation of the Greeks. Juno, originally an Etruscan deity of the moon, protected the city of

Rome. Quirinus, a Sabine war god, was assimilated to Romulus, deified mythical founder of

Rome.

Celtic Mythology. Celtic mythology is preserved in Wales and Ireland which the Romans

failed to subdue. The druids and bards preserved the tradition of the people led by a warrior

elite with spectacular achievements in terms of conquest and plunder but without the

organizational skills to consolidate an empire.

Norse Mythology. Norse or Germanic mythology also glorifies battle but against a harsher

natural background: life derives from ice and fire and is ultimately consumed by them. The

individual’s self-sacrifice in the service of Odin (death and magic) who brings the reward of

unlimited food and drink – and more fighting – in Valhalla. Other gods are Thor, Frigg, and

Balder.

Mexican and South American Mythologies. The mythology of the warlike Aztecs in Meso-

America also justified bloodshed, though they adopted the practice of sacrifice for which they

are so vilified from the Toltecs, the first of many older civilizations that they overcame. The

empire-builders of South America, the Incas, like the Aztecs, considered themselves the elect

of the gods, their ruler offspring of the sun. The heavens, with astronomical observations and

calendrics, dominated mythology.

Persian Mythology. Initially, Persian mythology reflected a life of warriors and of nomadic

pastoralists beginning to turn to agriculture in fertile pockets amid harsh deserts and

mountains. It supported a cult held in the open air, sometimes on mountaintops, with the

deities personifying beneficent and destructive forces of nature. Later developments stressed

this duality of good and evil, light and dark in constant battle.

Indian Mythology. The Vedic mythology of India, derived from the Aryans, also has Indra, a

warrior sky god, insuring fertilizing rain and dispatching earlier inhabitants of the new

homeland and demonizing them. Sacrifice and cult itself was deified developing an endless

conflict of gods and demons of Hinduism, together with cyclic creation, maintenance of the

balance of good and evil, and destruction to prepare the way for new creation.

Chinese Mythology. Chinese mythology is rooted in its vast land, in veneration of its

emperors, whose good rule brought prosperity and was a mark of heavenly approval, and in

reverence for ancestors, the link between humans and gods. Three philosophies shaped

Chinese mythology : (1) Taoism taught that cosmic energy and all life in mystically

compounded of yin (the negative, female principle) and yang (the complementary positive,

male principle); (2) Confucianism upheld the leadership of emperor and aristocracy, with

mythology showing the benefits of learning and discipline; (3) Buddhism brought elements of

Indian thought on reincarnation, the conflict of good and evil, and judgment.

Japanese Mythology. Like in China, native mythology centered on land, and the

establishment of imperial dynasties was combined with Buddhist doctrine on death and the

afterlife, ultimately from India and related to Persian traditions, for example Yama/Yima as

first man and king/judge of the dead.

The Greek and Roman Gods

The Greek culture existed before the Roman culture. When the Romans decided to develop a

mythology, they adopted the gods of Greek mythology and changed their names. Typically,

these Roman versions of the gods are more disciplined and do not take on the same colourful

and complex personalities that many of the Greek gods have.

Table of Greek and Roman Gods and Goddesses

GREEK ROMAN TITLE

Aphrodite Venus goddess of love and beauty

Apollo Apollo god of music, poetry, and the sun

Ares Mars god of war

Artemis Diana goddess of the moon

Asclepius Aesculapius god of medicine

Athena Minerva goddess of wisdom

Cronus Saturn god of the sky and agriculture

Demeter Ceres goddess of fertility and crops

Dionysus Bacchus god of wine, ecstasy

Eros Cupid god of love

Gaea Terra Mother Earth

Hades Dis god of the underworld

Hephaestus Vulcan god of fire; craftsman for the gods

Hera Juno queen of the gods; goddess of marriage

Hermes Mercury messenger of the gods, travel

Persephone Proserpina queen of the underworld

Poseidon Neptune god of the sea

Zeus Jupiter ruler of the gods

Zeus, the King

Zeus is acknowledged as the leader of the new generation of gods.

He is consistently identified as the sky-god. Many of his attributes and titles are attributed to

his functions as the god of the sky, e.g. Rainer, Thunderer, Cloud Gatherer, Lightning God,

Sender of Fair Winds.

Division of Authority

Zeus and his brothers determine the spheres of their authority: Zeus won the sky; Poseidon,

the sea; and Hades, the underworld. The surface of the Earth and Mt. Olympus are neutral

territories.

Hera

The wife of Zeus, Hera, is considered as the queen of the Olympians. Her name is originally a

title which meant “Our Lady” or “Great lady”. She became greatly associated with the earth ,

chiefly with marriage and childbirth. Her Roman name is Juno. Due to her husband’s

tendency to womanize, Hera is pictured as a wife who was troubled by her husband’s

apparent infidelities. Since she could not directly punish the ruler of the gods, she takes

vengeance on his mistresses or even on the children produced from these romances.

Poseidon

Poseidon is primarily the god of the sea but he is also associated with earthquakes and

horses. His Roman equivalent is Neptune. Like the sea, Poseidon is unpredictable and easily

aroused to anger. He is frequently pictured with a trident, a three-pronged spear which is

used by fishermen.

Hestia

Hestia is the goddess of the family hearth and its fire. By extension, she came to be regarded

as the guardian of the home, the family, the local community and the state as the whole.

Vesta is her Roman name.

The Vestal Virgins

The rites of Vesta were performed by priestesses who were called the Vestal Virgins;

each of whom took a vow of virginity in honor of the goddess they served.

Demeter

Demeter is the goddess of the grain and the Earth’s fertility in general. Her Roman equivalent

was Ceres.

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FAQs of Types and Themes of Mythology

What are the main types of myths discussed in this document?

The document categorizes myths into three main types: pure myths, sagas or legends, and folk tales or fairy tales. Pure myths, often seen as primitive science or religion, explain natural phenomena and the origins of the world. Sagas or legends incorporate historical elements, blending fact and fiction, while folk tales focus on entertainment, featuring magical characters and elements. Each type serves a unique purpose in conveying cultural values and beliefs.

How do creation myths vary across different cultures?

Creation myths serve to explain the origins of the world and humanity, and they vary significantly across cultures. For instance, Mesopotamian creation myths often involve a battle between gods, such as Marduk defeating Tiamat, while Hindu mythology describes a cyclical process of creation and destruction. These myths reflect the values and beliefs of their respective cultures, illustrating how societies understand their place in the universe and the forces that govern life.

What role do heroic figures play in mythology?

Heroic figures in mythology often embody the ideals and values of their cultures, serving as models for behavior and morality. These heroes may possess superhuman abilities or divine ancestry, allowing them to confront challenges and overcome adversities. Their journeys frequently involve quests that test their strength, courage, and character, ultimately leading to personal growth and the restoration of order. The stories of these heroes resonate with audiences, providing inspiration and lessons applicable to everyday life.

What themes are commonly found in mythology?

Common themes in mythology include creation, the struggle between good and evil, the hero's journey, and the relationship between humans and the divine. Myths often explore the complexities of life, such as love, sacrifice, and the quest for knowledge. Additionally, they frequently address moral lessons and societal norms, reflecting the values of the cultures from which they originate. These themes not only entertain but also provide insight into the human experience and the nature of existence.