Iron Flame (The Empyrean Book 2) Chapter no 9
Gaurav Suthar Gaurav Suthar Gaurav Suthar
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ONTROL AND
ONTROL AND
OORDINATION
OORDINATION
Handwritten Notes
Control and Coordination
All the living organisms respond and react to changes in the environment around them.
Examples - Withdrawal of hand on touching hot object.
Stimuli
The changes in the environment to which the organisms respond is called stimuli such as light, heat, cold, sound, smell, touch etc.
Plants and animals both respond to stimuli but in different manner.
Control And Coordination in ANIMALS
It is brought about in all animals with the help of two main systems.
a) Nervous System
b) Endocrine System
Nervous System
The nervous system is made of Brain, Spinal Cord and a huge network of Nerves.
Functions of Nervous System –
i) To receive information from environment.
ii) Controls all voluntary muscular activities. Example- running
and writing.
iii) Enables us to remember, think and reason.
iv) Regulates involuntary activities such as breathing and
beating of the heart
Receptors
- These are specialized tips of some nerve cells that detect the
information from the environment.
- These receptors are located in our sense organs.
a) Ear :
• Used in Hearing
• Help in making Balance of Body
b) Eyes :
• Photoreceptors
• Used in Seeing
c) Skin :
• Thermoreceptors
• Used in feeling temperature like Hot or Cold
• Touch
d) Nose :
• Olfactory receptors
• Used in Smelling
e) Tongue :
• Gustatory receptors
• Used in Tasting (Sweet or Salty)
Neuron
Structural and Functional unit of nervous system.
Parts of Neuron:
1) Dendrites -
It receives information.
2) Cell Body -
The received information by dendrites is now traveled as an electrical impulse by Cell Body.
3) Axon -
It is the longest fibre on the cell of body is called Axon. It transmits electrical impulse from cell body to dendrite of next neuron.
Synapse
It is the gap between the nerve ending of one neuron and dendrite of other neuron.
In this electrical signal is converted into chemical signal.
Reflex Action
Reflex action is quick, sudden and immediate response of the body to a stimulus.
Examples - When you smell your favorite dish, your mouth waters.
Reflex Arc -
The pathway through which nerve impulses pass during reflex
action is called Reflex Arc.
Response:
Responses are of three main types –
1. Voluntary
- Controlled by Fore Brain.
- Eg. Talking, Writing.
2. Involuntary
- Controlled by mid and back brain.
- Eg. Heartbeat, Vomiting, Breathing
3. Reflex Action
- Controlled by Spinal cord.
- Eg. When you touch a hot object, you withdraw your hand
from it immediately.
Need of Reflex Actions
In some situations such as touching a hot object, pinching etc.
We need to act quickly, otherwise our body would be harmed.
Here response is generated from spinal cord instead of brain.
Human Nervous System
HUMAN BRAIN
Brain is the main coordinating centre of the body.
It has three major parts -
1) Fore (Front) – Brain
2) Mid (Middle) – Brain
3) Hind (Back) – Brain
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves arise from Brain
Spinal Cord Brain Spinal Nerves
arise from Spinal Cord
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
1) Fore (Front) Brain
It is the most complex part of the brain. It consists of Cerebrum.
Functions –
i) Thinking part of the brain
ii) Control the voluntary actions
iii) Store Information (Memory)
2) Mid (Middle) Brain
It connects the Fore (Front) – Brain with Hind (Back) – Brain
Functions –
i) Controls Involuntary actions
ii) This part of brain helps in changing Size of Pupil in our
Eyes
iii) Controls Reflex movements of Head, Neck
3) Hind (Back) Brain
It has three parts -
i) Cerebellum -
Controls posture and balance. Precision of voluntary actions Eg. Picking Pen.
ii) Medulla -
Controls involuntary actions e.g. blood pressure, Vomiting
iii) Pons -
This also controls Involuntary actions but of different types like Breathing
Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord
a) Brain - Brain is protected by a fluid filled balloon which acts
as shock absorber and is enclosed in cranium (skull or brain box)
b) Spinal Cord - Spinal cord is enclosed in vertebral column.
Coordination between Nervous and Tissue
Sense Organ Central Nervous
System
Muscles Muscle Shorten
Sensory Nerve
Motor Nerve
- Information received
& processed
- Decision made
- Response Generated
- Response
- Stimulus
Limitations of Electric communication/ Nervous System:
- Electric impulse will reach only to those cells that are connected by nervous tissue.
- After generation and transmission of an electrical impulse, the cell takes some time to reset its mechanism before transmitting another impulse. So cells cannot continually create and transmit impulse.
- Plants do not have any nervous system.
COORDINATION IN PLANTS
Movements in Plants
1) Independent of growth
- Immediate response to stimulus
- Plants use electrical-chemical means to convey information from cell to cell.
- For movement to happen, cells change their shape by changing the amount of water in them, resulting in swelling or shrinking of cells.
Independent of Growth Dependent on Growth
- Example, Drooping (प�� का मुरझाना) of leaves of “Touch me
not/ छु ई मुई का पौधा) pant on touching it.
2) Dependent on growth
- These movements are tropic movements that is directional movements in response to stimulus.
i) Hydrotropism - Movement towards water.
Water
ii) Phototropism - Movement towards light.
iii) Geotropism - Movement towards/away from gravity.
iv) Chemotropism - Growth of pollen tube towards ovule.
v) Thigmotropism - The part of tendril away from the object
grows more rapidly as compared to the part near the
object. This causes circulating of tendril around the
object.
Tendril
Plant Hormones
Are chemical compounds which help to coordinate growth,
development and responses to the environment.
Main Plant hormones are –
a) Auxin:
- Synthesized at shoot tip - Helps the cells to grow longer - Involved in phototropism
b) Gibberellin:
- Helps in growth of the stem
c) Cytokinin:
- Promotes cell division - Present in greater concentration in fruits and seeds
d) Abscisic Acid:
- Stops Growth
- Cause wilting of leaves (प�� का मुरझाना)
- Stress hormone (देख लो पोध� को भी Stress होता है �)
Hormones in Animals
Hormones - Hormones are the chemical substances which
coordinate the activities of living organisms and also their growth.
Endocrine glands - These glands secrete their product (Hormone)
into the blood.
Endocrine
Gland Location Hormones Produced Functions
Pituitary Gland Under the Brain Growth hormone Helps in increasing Height
Thyroid Gland Neck Thyroxine Controls general metabolism and
growth in the body.
Adrenal Gland Above kidneys Adrenalin Prepares the body for emergency
situations
Pancreas Near stomach Insulin Controls blood sugar level
Testis (Boys) In Scrotum Testosterone
Sperm production, development of
secondary sexual characters
during puberty in Boys
Ovary (Girls) Near Uterus Estrogen
Egg production, development of
secondary sexual characters
during puberty in Girls
Iodised salt is necessary because iodine mineral is essential part of thyroxine hormone secreted by thyroid gland. Thyroxine regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. So, we must consume iodised salt which is necessary for proper working of thyroid gland. Its deficiency causes a disease called Goiter (Swollen Neck).
DIABETES
Disease in which blood sugar level increase.
Cause - Due to the deficiency of insulin hormone secreted by
pancreas that is responsible to control blood sugar levels.
Treatment - Injections of insulin hormone.
Feedback Mechanism
The excess or deficiency of hormones has harmful effects on our
body. Feedback mechanism makes sure that hormones should be
secreted in precise quantity and at right time.
Example - Feedback mechanism to control the sugar level in blood is
as follows:
Sugar Level in the blood rises
Detected by cells of Pancreas
Synthesis of Insulin
Blood Sugar level falls
Stop secreting more insulin
Switch off
Feedback sent
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