Basic Principle Of Chemistry Overview

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY

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Branches of chemistry

 Organic chemistry : This branch deals with study of

compounds of carbon and its compounds with any number of

other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain

at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen,

halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. Except carbonates,

bicarbonates, cyanides, isocyanides, carbides and oxides

 Inorganic chemistry: This branch deals with study of known

elements and their compounds except organic compounds. It

is concerned with materials obtained from minerals, air, sea

and soil.

 Physical chemistry: This branch deals with study of physical

properties and constitution of matter, the laws of chemical

combination and theories governing reactions. The effect of

temperature, pressure, light, concentration on reaction.

 Analytical chemistry: This branch deals with various methods

of analysis of chemical substances both qualitative and

quantitative.

 Industrial chemistry : Chemistry involved in industrial process

is studied in this branch.

 Biochemistry : It comprise the studies of substances for the

prevention and cure of various diseases in living beings

 Nuclear chemistry : This branch deals with study of nuclear

reaction, the production of radioactive isotopes and their

application in various field.

Measurement in chemistry

A physical quantity is expressed in terms of pure number and unit

Physical quantity = ( a pure number ) × unit

For example when we say 5 kg. It means 5 times of 1kg

‘A unit is defined as the standard of reference chosen in order to

measure a definite physical quantity”.

Standard weight and measure are given by International system of

Unit (SI)

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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY

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Basic physical

quantity

Symbol of

quantity

Name of SI unit

Symbol of SI

unit

Length

metre

Mass

kilogram

Time

second

Electric current

ampere

Thermodynamic

temperature

kelvin

Amount of

substance

mole

mol

Luminous

Intensity

candela

Some time Sub-multiple and Multiples are used to reduce and

enlarge the size of different units

Sub – multiples

Multiples

Prefix

Symbol

Sub-

multiple

Prefix

Symbol

Multiple

deci

-1

deca

centi

-2

hecto

milli

-3

kilo

micro

-6

mega

namo

-9

giga

pico

-12

tera

femto

-15

peta

atto

-18

exa

Following convention is followed in writing a unit or its symbol

1. The symbols of the units are never expressed in plural form.

For example, we write 15 cm and not 15 cms.

2. If a unit is named after the name of a person, it is not written

with capital letter. For example, we write newton and not

Newton

3. The symbol of the unit named after the name of a person is

expressed in capital letter. For example, the symbol for unit

newton is N and not n. Symbols of the other units are not

written in capital letters. For example, symbol for unit meter is

m and not M

4. Not more than one solidus is used. For example 1 poise is

expressed as

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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY

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1g/s cm or 1 g s

-1

and not 1g/s/cm.

Some derived units

a) Area = length × breadth

= m × m = m

b) Volume = length × breadth × height

= m × m× m =m

c) Density = mass/ volume

= kg/ m

= kg m

d) Speed = distance / time

= m/s = m s

-1

e) Acceleration = change in velocity / time

= m s

-1

/s = m s

-2

f) Force = mass × acceleration

= kg m s

-2

g) Pressure = force per unit area

= kg m s

-2

/ m

= kg m

-1

-2

or N m

-2

( pascal – Pa)

h) Energy = force × distance travelled

= kg m s

-2

× m

= kg m

-2

( joule – J)

Some conversions

a) Temperature

Degree Centigrade = Kelvin – 273.15

C = K -273.15

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b) Volume

1 litre (lit or L) = 1000 cm

1 L = (10 cm)

1 L = (10 ×10

-2

1 L = 10

× 10

-6

1 L = 10

-3

OR 1m

= 1000 L

Also

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FAQs of Basic Principle Of Chemistry Overview

What are the main branches of chemistry covered?

The document outlines several branches of chemistry, including organic chemistry, which focuses on carbon compounds; inorganic chemistry, which deals with non-organic substances; physical chemistry, which examines the physical properties of matter; and analytical chemistry, which involves the analysis of chemical substances. Each branch is described in terms of its scope and significance in the study of chemistry.

What is the significance of the mole concept in chemistry?

The mole concept is fundamental in chemistry as it provides a bridge between the atomic scale and macroscopic measurements. It defines a mole as 6.022 x 10^23 particles, allowing chemists to quantify substances in reactions. Understanding the mole concept is crucial for stoichiometry, which involves calculating the amounts of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

How does the document explain significant figures?

Significant figures are crucial for indicating the precision of measurements in chemistry. The document outlines rules for counting significant figures, such as considering all non-zero digits as significant and recognizing that leading zeros are not significant. It also discusses how to round numbers based on the significance of digits, which is essential for accurate reporting of experimental data.

What laws of chemical combination are discussed?

The document discusses several key laws of chemical combination, including the law of conservation of mass, which states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. It also covers the law of definite proportions, which asserts that a chemical compound always contains the same elements in fixed proportions by mass, and the law of multiple proportions, which describes how elements can combine in different ratios to form various compounds.