CLASS 10 NOTES

CLASS 10 NOTES

PRASHANT KIRAD

HISTORY

The Rise of The Rise of

Nationalism in Nationalism in

Europe Europe

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics - The Pact Between Nations, a print prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu,

1848

The first print in the series shows people from Europe and America, of different ages and social classes, marching in a line, honoring the Statue of Liberty.

The Statue of Liberty in the image holds a torch and the rights of man charter, symbolizing freedom and human rights.

In the foreground, shattered symbols of absolutist institutions lie on the ground, conveying the overthrow of oppressive systems.

1.French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation

French Revolution starts in 1789 in France.

Monarchs held power in 1789..

People were very upset.

The French Revolutionaries initiated a protest against the monarchy.

Foster a shared sense of identity among the French populace.

The Pact Between Nation:

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Napoleon's rule marked the end of democracy in France, and the Napoleonic Code of 1804, also known as the Civil Code, abolished birth-based privileges, instituted legal equality, and protected property rights.

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Change in Power: In 1789, the French Revolution brought a shift in power from the king to the French people.

Nationalistic Ideas: New ideas like "la patrie" (the fatherland) and "le citoyen" (the citizen) emerged, emphasizing national identity and citizenship.

Symbolic Changes: The monarchy's authority was replaced by political and constitutional reforms. The old French flag was replaced by the tricolor to symbolize these transformations.

Key transformations occurred in the French Revolution:

As developments in France unfolded, information disseminated to different cities across Europe.

Jacobin Clubs – It is a political club formed to discuss government policies.

In 1790, Jacobin Club members assisted French revolutionaries in spreading their influence.

The reach of French revolutionaries extended to Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy.

The French armies, with Jacobin support, carried the concept of nationalism beyond their borders.

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2.The Making of Nationalism in Europe

Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.

The example of Habsburg Empire

Austria-Hungary, a diverse empire, governed various regions and peoples.

The empire encompassed Alpine regions like Tyrol, Austria, and the Sudetenland, along with German-speaking aristocracy in Bohemia.

Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia were part of the empire.

In Hungary, the population was divided, with half speaking Magyar and the other half using various dialects.

In Galicia, the aristocracy predominantly spoke Polish.

The empire also housed a multitude of subject peasant peoples within its boundaries.

The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class

ARISTOCRACY:

1.

Representing the elite or wealthy class A small yet influential group Possessed extensive land and property Typically conversant in the French language They only marry with rich people

2. Peasants:

Characterized as impoverished farmers Formed a sizable and densely populated group In Western Europe, land was often cultivated by tenants or small landowners In Eastern and Central Europe, peasants worked the land as laborers under the aristocracy

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3.Middle Class:

Represents an economic class between poverty and wealth Emerged with the rise of industrial production and increased trade, leading to improved financial status Industrialization commenced in England around 1750 In France and certain German states, the Industrial Revolution began in the 19th century Comprises individuals such as industrialists, doctors, teachers, businessmen, etc.

What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?

For the emerging middle classes, Gliberis M symbolized individual freedom and equality for everyone under the law.

In the economic realm, liberalism advocated for a free market and the elimination of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

The Zollverein dismantled tariff barriers, streamlined the number of currencies to two, and fostered a network of railways to enhance mobility.

A New Conservatism after 1815

After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815

Conservatism – A political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change

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In 1815, European governments were guided by conservatism, valuing monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property, and family preservation.

To strengthen autocratic monarchies, modern armies, efficient bureaucracies, dynamic economies, and the end of feudalism and serfdom were considered crucial.

Representatives from Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria gathered in Vienna in 1815 to establish a settlement for Europe.

The Bourbon dynasty was reinstated in power, and France relinquished territories annexed during Napoleon's rule.

Liberal nationalists, critical of the conservative order, focused on the issue of press freedom.

The Revolutionaries A dedication to resist monarchical structures established post the Vienna Congress and to strive for liberty and freedom.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Born in Genoa in 1807.

Member of the secret society of Carbonari.

Established Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.

Advocated for the unification of Italy into a republic.

The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848

In July 1830, liberal revolutionaries toppled the Bourbon Kings, establishing a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as the head.

The July Revolution triggered a rebellion in Brussels, resulting in Belgium's separation from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Greeks fought for independence in 1821.

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The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

French Revolution (1789)

Napoleonic wars begin (1797)

Fall of Napoleon and Conservatives regime (1815 - 1830)

Revolutions (1830 - 1848)

3.The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848

so far:

The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

In July 1830, liberal revolutionaries ousted the Bourbon Kings, establishing a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe. This July Revolution incited a revolt in Brussels, ultimately resulting in Belgium's separation from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

In 1821, the Greek people fought for their independence.

Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt

Culture, encompassing art, poetry, stories, and music, played a vital role in shaping and expressing nationalist feelings during the formation of the idea of the nation.

The Romanticism movement, as a cultural force, sought to foster a unique form of nationalist sentiment, emphasizing emotional and artistic expressions.

Language, a key cultural element, played a significant role in the development of nationalist sentiments, exemplified by the imposition of the Russian language and the subsequent armed rebellion in

1831 against Russian rule.

During the 1830s, Europe encountered economic challenges as the first half of the nineteenth century witnessed a significant population surge across the continent. The escalation of food prices or a year of poor harvests resulted in widespread poverty in both urban centers and rural areas.

In 1848, Parisians took to the streets due to food shortages and extensive unemployment.

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In 1848, simultaneous with the uprisings of impoverished, unemployed, and hungry peasants and workers across various European nations, a revolution spearheaded by the educated middle classes was unfolding.

In regions of Europe lacking independent nation-states, like Germany, Italy, and Poland, individuals from the liberal middle classes joined forces. They merged their calls for constitutionalism with the aspiration for national unification.

Capitalizing on the widespread popular discontent throughout Europe, these middle-class individuals seized the opportunity to advocate for the establishment of a nation-state grounded in parliamentary principles.

1848: The Revolution of the Liberals

4.The Making of Germany and Italy

Italy comprised seven states, with only Sardinia-Piedmont being governed by an Italian princely state.

Giuseppe Mazzini initiated a unification program initially, but it proved unsuccessful.

The movement for unification was later led by Chief Minister Cavour, with assistance from Giuseppe Garibaldi.

In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was declared the king of a united Italy.

Italy Unified:

Minister Otto von Bismarck assumed leadership in the movement for national unification, leveraging the Prussian army and bureaucracy.

A series of three wars spanning seven years concluded in a decisive Prussian victory, marking the successful culmination of the unification process.

Kaiser William II of Prussia became the head of the newly established German Empire.

Germany – Can the Army be the Architect of a Nation?

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During the 18th and 19th centuries, artists depicted countries anthropomorphically, often using female figures to symbolize nations. In the context of the French Revolution, these female representations conveyed abstract concepts like Liberty, depicted with symbols such as the red cap or a broken chain, and Justice, portrayed as a blindfolded woman carrying weighing scales.

The Strange Case of Britain

Great Britain is considered a model for the nation-state, where the formation was a gradual process rather than a sudden upheaval.

The English parliament played a pivotal role in forging a nation-state, with England at its core, eroding the ethnic identities of Welsh, Scot, and Irish.

The Act of Union in 1707 between England and Scotland led to the formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain,' consolidating English influence over Scotland and suppressing its distinct culture.

Ireland, divided between Catholics and Protestants, faced English assistance in establishing Protestant dominance, leading to its forced incorporation into the United Kingdom in 1801 and the promotion of a 'British nation' with dominant English culture.

5.Visualising the Nation

Germania, Philip Veit, 1848.

The artist prepared this painting of Germania on a cotton banner, as it was meant to hang from the ceiling of the Church of St Paul where the Frankfurt parliament was convened in March 1848.

Allegory – When an abstract idea (for instance, greed, envy, freedom, liberty) is expressed through a person or a thing. An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and one symbolic

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Germania guarding the Rhine.

In 1860, the artist Lorenz Clasen was commissioned to paint this image. The inscription on Germania’s sword reads: ‘The German sword protects the German Rhine.’

6.Nationalism and Imperialism

Nationalism waned significantly in the final quarter of the nineteenth century. Post-1871, the most volatile region was identified as the Balkans, encompassing present-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro.

The Balkans became a volatile region due to the influence of the Ottoman Empire, which, throughout the nineteenth century, fortified itself through modernization and internal reforms. Intense conflicts emerged in the Balkans due to various reasons.

Simultaneously, a fierce competition unfolded among European powers for trade, colonies, and naval and military supremacy during this era. This rivalry resulted in a sequence of wars in the region, ultimately culminating in the outbreak of the First World War.

In 1914, Europe faced upheaval as Nationalism converged with imperialism, causing widespread disruption. Despite the emergence of anti-imperial movements, their endeavors to establish independent nation-states encountered numerous challenges. Nevertheless, the concept of 'nation-states' gained acceptance as a natural and universal idea.

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What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to the French Revolution in Europe?

1.

It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.

Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815.

2.

Three beliefs of conservatism that emerged after 1815 were:

Established and traditional institutions of state and society like monarchy, the Church, property and family should be preserved.

They believed in the modernization of the traditional institution to strengthen them, rather than returning to the society of pre-revolutionary days.

Also they believed that abolition of feudalism and serfdom and replacing it with a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy and a dynamic economy could strengthen autocratic monarchies of Europe.

What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries? (2015 OD)

3.

The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. They proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation and shape its decisions

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4.Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.

Three examples that show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe are:

1. Folk music, poetry, and dances were crucial in spreading nationalism throughout Europe. preserving and gathering various folk traditions in order to foster national consciousness. To reach a wide range of audiences, common people used to spread nationalist messages.

2. Romanticism: A certain brand of nationalism was to be developed through the romanticism cultural movement. In an effort to build a sense of a shared collective legacy, a common cultural past, as the foundation of a nation, romantic artists and poets concentrated on emotions, intuition, and mystical experiences

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Why is it said that the 1830s were the years of great hardships in Europe? Explain.

5.

The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship or crisis in Europe due to the following reasons: (i) The first half of the 19th century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. (ii) Job-seekers were more and employment opportunities were less. (iii) People from rural areas migrated to cities and made cities over-crowded slums. (iv) Small producers often faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods. (v) Peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

How did nationalism align with imperialism to become the cause of the First World war? Explain. 6

The Balkan states had become the region of intense rivalry among the Balkan states themselves for independence as well as the big powers for expansion and influence in the region. Reasons for the growth of nationalist tension in Balkan region:

(i) The Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variations comprising of modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. The inhabitants were called Slavs. (ii) The spread of romantic nationalism led to its disintegration. (iii) Different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity. (iv) Balkan region became a region of intense conflict over expansion of territory. (v) At the same time, the great European Powers –Russia, Germany, England and Austria-Hungary were keen on taking the control of the Balkan region, since it was important from trade point of view. (vi) This led to the series of wars in the region and finally became the cause of the First World War.

3. Language: An major factor in the emergence of nationalist feelings was language. After the Russian invasion, the Polish language was outlawed and replaced everywhere with Russian. In Poland, the clergy started utilising language as a tool of anti-nationalist struggle. In Poland, the clergy started utilising language as a tool of anti-nationalist struggle. Church gatherings and all religious instruction were conducted in Polish. Polish usage eventually came to be viewed as a symbol of resistance to Russian control. Church gatherings and all religious instruction were conducted in Polish. Polish usage eventually came to be viewed as a symbol of resistance to Russian control.

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7.Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?

Germania and Marianne were feminine allegories for the German and French countries, respectively. The popular Christian name Marianne highlighted the concept of a people's nation. On the other hand, Germania came to represent the German people. Germania is shown wearing an oak leaf crown because the German oak is a symbol of valour.

The significance of how they were portrayed is as follows:

1. The notion of a nation was represented by female characters who aimed to give it a physical form.

2. The woman picked to represent the country did not represent any one woman in real life.

3. They fought for concepts like "liberty" and "the republic."

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Important Important DATESS

1789 : The French Revolution

1807 : The birth of Giuseppe Muzzini.

1815 : To draft a compromise for Europe, the representatives of the

European nations—including Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria—who

had defeated Napoleon together convened in Vienna.

1815 : Napoleon was overthrown.

1815 : Vienna Protocol

1821 : The struggle for Greek freedom began.

1824 : Lord Byron, an English poet, died in 1824.

1830 : In July 1830, there was the first uprising in France.

1832 : Treaty of Constantinople

1833 : When Emergent travelled from Hamburg to Nuremberg in 1833

to sell his goods, he had to go through 11 customs checkpoints and pay

a customs tax that was about 5% of his travel cost.

1834 : A Zollverein customs union was established.

1848 : A French painter by the name of Frederic Sorrieu produced a

quartet (4) of works in 1848 that depicted his vision of a world with

democratic and socialist republics.

1848 : The authoritarian kingdoms of Central and Eastern Europe

introduced changes after 1848 that had previously occurred in

western Europe before 1815.

1859 : Piedmont and Sardinia were successful in defeating the

Austrian army.

1861 : Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of United Italy.

1867 : The habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarian

1871 : The prussian was proclaimed German emperor

1707 : The act of union between England and Scotland

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